J.P. Morgan Eye on the Market: The morning after (Italy)
Eye on the Market, November 14, 2011 Topics: Challenges facing a new Italian government; the IMF effect; and good news of the week (since there was some)
The morning after. There's some enthusiasm about a new Italian government, but now the hard work begins. The tricky thing about structural reforms is that they are more easily accomplished when times are good, so you can spread the adjustment more slowly, and with counter-cyclical support from the private sector. The problem is, few countries do that. Italy is facing this challenge in spades: it ranks 123Mout of 142 countries in terms of labor market efficiency (142=worst), and unfortunately, the labor market reforms Italy is considering are among the most growth-depressing reforms of all, in the short term. I found agreement on this point in meetings last week with some of Italy's largest industrialists.
| Country | Labor Market Efficiency Score (2011) |
|---|---|
| SWZ | 5.75 |
| US | ~5.6 |
| UK | ~5.3 |
| JPN | ~5.0 |
| IRL | ~4.9 |
| BEL | ~4.6 |
| POL | ~4.5 |
| DE | ~4.5 |
| FR | ~4.4 |
| BR | ~4.1 |
| Italy | ~3.9 |
| ES | ~3.8 |
| GR | ~3.7 |
Growth Response to Structural Reforms (Cumulative percent change in real GDP per capita)
| Reform Type | Year 3 | Year 6 | Year 9 | Year 12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tax Reform | 2.4% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 2.3% |
| Trade Reform | 0.8% | 1.5% | 3.0% | 4.8% |
| Financial Reform | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 1.1% |
| Labor Reform | -2.8% | -1.5% | -0.2% | 0.5% |
The multi-dimensional uncertainties are enormous. Will markets reward Italy for austerity decisions (if they are taken), and sit tight with their 1.9 trillion in Italian bonds, even as Italy's debt ratios rise further as a recession hits? Will Europe be able to leverage private sector capital and increase the size ofits bailout facility, which as things stand now is inadequate if needed to fund Italy and Spain for 2012 and 2013? What will happen if European banks needing higher capital ratios opt to shrink their balance sheets instead ofissue equity? Will the ECB buy a lot more Italian debt now that Italy is enacting austerity budgets? Will the IMF come to Italy's rescue? It's hard to say, particularly on this latter point; as shown on the next page, in the cases of Mexico, Russia, Indonesia and Argentina, events became unglued after IMF and other bilateral loans were announced. Bottom line: it is difficult to be very optimistic on prospects for in-flight refueling and repairs of a monetary union in distress.
[here have been articles on Italy's extensive household wealth, as well as 1.8 trillion Euros of state-owned assets that could be sold to pay down debt. On the former, there's no question household wealth exists, but getting at it is another issue. The Sociedi Italiana di Economia Pubblica and the University of Linz estimate that Italy's tax evasion is the highest in the OECD, and has been rising since the late 1980's. On the sale of state-owned assets, it's a possibility, but Italy only sold non-financial assets worth 2% of GDP in the entire period from 1997 to 2006. Italy owns 17 billion in publicly tradable shares, but the rest looks more complicated. What's even more disturbing: an analysis showing that from 1997 to 2006, the improvement in Italy's debt ratio was almost entirely due to temporary measures, with little improvement in its structural deficit. Understanding Europe is like a visit to the psychiatrist: every answer simply leads to another question.
EFTA01171780
As we wrote last week, economics and finance trump politics almost all the time lad, which means that Europe's
structural problems may be a lot more important to investors than the names of the politicians in charge. Even as we consider the possibility of politics as a positive catalyst, we are all still looking for more evidence of how it will actually work on a regional level [b]. A comment that has stuck with me since I first saw it was this remark from the author of the 1992 German Constitutional Court opinion on Maastricht [c]. In the words of the author, the Maastricht treaty...
"...is not able to support its own premise: the common ground of a European Staatsvolk which belongs together: a minimum of homogeneity in basic constitutional attitudes, a legal language accessible to all, economic and cultural similarities or at least some forces of approximation, the possibility of political exchange through media, which reach the whole of Europe, a leadership known in Europe and parties active across Europe. A European-isation without a prior European consciousness and therefore without a European people with a concrete capability and readiness for common statehood would be, in terms of the history of thought, un-European."
The assertion that as a region, Europe's aggregate debt and deficit levels are lower than the US, the UK and Japan may not matter until there is Federalization of European revenues, or until its sovereign issuers are subject to the same market and budget discipline that applies to US states. This is the kind of "statehood readiness" that the author may have been referring to.
The IMF as White Knight? The charts below are from our Sovereign Default Time Capsule, published in May 2010. Note how IMF and other bilateral loans did not mark the end of the problem. The quotes on Russia are a useful reminder that the IMF is often not a great judge of investment merit, and that single-country investment funds may have too much money at stake in one place to think about worst-case outcomes.
| Date | Sovereign Debt Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Jan-98 | 110 | |
| Jan-99 | 108 | |
| Jan-00 | 92 | Argentina will dollarize before undergoing a foreign exchange crisis - Argentine Economy Minister-Elect Machinea [5/00] |
| Jan-00 | 90 | Banks, the IMF, IADB and Spain promise $40 bn in aid. "This should improve the investment climate, and together with enhanced domestic and external confidence, lay the ground for sustained economic Argentine growth" - IMF Managing Director [12/00] |
| Jan-01 | 90 | Argentina may save $13 bn over 5 years in bond swap - Bloomberg [05/01] |
| Jan-01 | 70 | |
| Jan-02 | 60 | Argentina bonds gained on increased optimism the IMF will approve additional financing to help avoid default - Bloomberg [08/01] |
| Jan-02 | 45 | |
| Jan-03 | 30 | |
| Jan-04 | 25 |
| Date | GKO (T-Bill) Price | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Jan-98 | ~75 | IMF Executive Board completed review of Extended Fund Facility, agreed to disburse $700 million tranche. Stanley Fischer quote: "optimists on Russia have been more right..." |
| Jul-98 | ~72 | Hermitage Russia Fund quote: "This takes the pressure off, and Russia can now trade on its own fundamentals". Russia stocks and bonds soared after promise of $22.6 bn loan. |
| Aug-98 | ~40 | Significant drop in GKO price. |
Source: Bloomberg, International Monetary Fund.
Will the ECB continue to expand its balance sheet (shown below)? It is possible that the increasing riskof the ECB balance sheet, rather than its increasing size, is what is bothering the Bundesbank and German members of the ECB.
The difference this time is that these countries didn't have the ECB as a potential lender (and buyer) of last resort.
Mexico Peso/USD
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| Dec-93 | |
| May-94 | Creation of permanent $6.7 bn line of credit for Mexico from the United States and Canada [4/94] |
| Nov-94 | |
| Feb-95 | Creation of $20 bn Exchange Stabilization Fund [2/95] |
| Apr-95 | Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, to Senate Foreign Relations Committee: "low probability event that few could have anticipated" [4/95] |
| May-95 | |
| Nov-95 |
Indonesia Sovereign debt price: 7¾ 2006
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| Jul-96 | |
| Oct-96 | "Although the entire East Asian experience gives ground for optimism over the prospects for development, that is particularly true of Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand" - IMF Director on the Pacific Rim, [10/96] |
| Dec-96 | |
| May-97 | |
| Oct-97 | |
| Mar-98 | "We've been very impressed by the negotiations with the new Cabinet" - IMF [04/98] |
| Apr-98 | IMF likely to resume lending under $40 bn package [04/98] |
| Aug-98 |
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Total public support to European banks and sovereigns
Billions, EUR
| Year | Repo to Core Banks (Billions EUR) | Repo to Periphery Banks (Billions EUR) | Purchases of Periphery bonds (SMP) (Billions EUR) | Purchases of collateralized bank bonds (Billions EUR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 180 | 30 | 0 | 0 |
| 2001 | 170 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | 160 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | 170 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| 2004 | 200 | 40 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | 230 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | 250 | 80 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | 270 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
| 2008 | 300 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| 2009 | 300 | 180 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | 300 | 280 | 100 | 0 |
| 2011 | 200 | 250 | 150 | 50 |
Unrelated good news of the week, and what equity market pricing looks like
** Continued improvement in US state and local tax collections
** Signs that global inflation has peaked, including in China; we expect inflation to fall by around 1% or more in the next few months, allowing for some easing in China next year
** S&P 500 profits and top-line sales grew by 18% and 10%, respectively, in Q3 vs 2010. However, the magnitude of earnings outperformance and CEO capital spending intentions are beginning to show signs of weakness
** Modest improvements in high-frequency data in the US, including chain store sales, jobless claims, small business sentiment, job openings and consumer credit
The simple observation is that there is a lot of worrying news about sovereign risk in the U.S. and Europe, and that equity markets appear to be incorporating that. As shown below, the trailing earnings yield of the S&P 500, adjusted for inflation, is close to the highest level seen in roughly 50 years. Even assuming a 15% decline in earnings next year, which would be a par-for-the-course earnings recession, these yields would still be on the cheaper end of their historical range.
| Year | Real S&P 500 Trailing Earnings Yield (%) |
|---|---|
| 1956 | ~7.5 |
| 1960 | ~5.5 |
| 1965 | ~4.5 |
| 1970 | ~1.0 |
| 1974 | ~0.5 |
| 1975 | ~2.0 |
| 1980 | ~6.0 |
| 1985 | ~5.0 |
| 1990 | ~4.0 |
| 1995 | ~2.0 |
| 2000 | ~2.5 |
| 2004 | ~3.5 |
| 2008 | ~4.0 |
| 2010 | ~5.5 |
| 2011 (Nov 11) | ~6.5 |
| 2011 (Assuming 15% earnings decline) | ~5.5 |
Source: Robert Shiller, S&P, corporate reports, Empirical Research Partners.
Michael Cembalest
Chief Investment Officer
Notes
[a] Another example ofpremature extrapolation is the May 2011 capture of Osama Bin Laden, heralded at the time in some research reports as a very positive catalyst for equity markets. That weekend turned out to be the peak for the year on the S&P 500, as the US fiscal deficit, of which elevated military spending is a part, became a catalyst for the S&P downgrade of the US just 3 months later.
[b] In October, Trichet noted how European integration has been around for a while, and cited the "Revocation of the Edict of Nantes". This refers to Louis XIV's revocation ofa law protecting Protestant Huguenots, which resulted in their expulsion to other countries. It's hard to escape the EMU's contradictions: even when trying to provide evidence of regional integration, its long-standing cultural differences remain.
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[c] Written by Paul Kirchhof, as per Bernard Connolly of Hamiltonian Global in his 2003 essay on the European Monetary Union.
Components of labor market efficiency, as defined by the World Economic Forum in its Global Competitiveness Report
Cooperation in labor-employer relations; Flexibility of wage determination; Rigidity of employment; Hiring and firing practices; Redundancy costs; Pay and productivity; Reliance on professional management; Brain drain; Female participation in labor force
"ShouldItaly SellIts Nonfinancial Assets to Reduce the Debt?", Stefania Fabrizio, IMF Policy Discussion Paper, April 2008
"The value added ofundergroundactivities: size andmeasurement ofthe shadow economies of110 countries", Friedrich Schneider, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, June 2002
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