Re: FW: A Quantum-Thermodynamic Ratchet For Photonic Frequency Up-Pumping?
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I continue to puzzle over Bill =99s “cheaper-&-cleaner-&-more abundant electricity for eve=yone” challenge-to-Inventors – currently ‘aided =80 (entirely legally – physician’s orders! J) by the modern version of the tradition=I opium-eater’s favorite ingestible. J [Dr. Nikolic admon=shes me to comply completely with “the doctor’s orders =80 along these lines – which call for remarkably heavy-&-fr=quent dosings -- so please do blame him entirely for this missive! <=pan style="font-family:Wingdings">J]
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In order to generate the maximum voltag=-current product from a given area of (single-composition) semiconductor i=luminated with a given flux, it's clearly desirable to have monoch=omatic radiation that's 'matched' to the bandgap, =- &-p Fermi levels, etc. of the chosen semiconductor. Howev=r, what God gives us — in generous total quantities, if not pleasa=tly high fluxes :) -- is a —0.= eV Planckian spectrum with a batch of holes chewed in it, i.e., the solar=spectrum at AM1, for which the maximum-attainable energy conversion effici=ncy is widely believed to be 50.5.
Even =hese performance levels are attained only with a half-dozen p-n junction a=tfully (is., very expensively) 'stacked' on each other, e=ch taking its bandgap-designated 'bite' from the incoming =adiation (and thus being semi-insanely expensive, even for USG purposes) =E2 cf. appended Figure. It clearly would be greatly pref=rable to have a large fraction of the energy of the solar spectrum =98presented' to a suitable photovoltaic converter-assembly after b=ing 'transfigured' to single-energy (e.g., —2.5 eV) photon=.
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So wh=t are the basic prospects for usefully — i.e., practically -- mono=hromatizing the AM1 solar spectrum in the photovoltaic context?<=u>
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These=prospects would seem to be of non-trivial magnitudes — at least to=me-in-present condition! — as suggested by the appended items (whi=h 'connection' is admittedly somewhat distant)?<=u>
Molec=lar quantum oscillators can have very high Qs in/about the visible optical=spectrum, e.g., 106, when they're in vacuum-type=circumstances, i.e., are 'natural linewidth'-constrained.=C2 However, these Qs can be depressed by as much as —4 orders-of-magnit=de, e.g., via collisional interactions in normal (zero-P, non-resonant) me=ia.
So, w=at can we do with sets-of-(preferably, high-Q molecular) oscillators =80 physically-&-spectrally associated' with each other in a =uitably engineered environment (seemingly likely enabled by contemporary l=thographic capabilities, which already offers minimum features sizes most =f an order-of-magnitude smaller than visible spectral wavelengths of inter=st)?
We wo=ld presumably arrange these molecular assemblies in stacks of planar sheet= of 'unit cells' containing something of the order of a do=en high-oscillator strength transitions (perhaps carried on something like=a half-dozen well-chosen molecules — or quantum dots?) which would=together 'cover' the AM1 spectrum between, say, 0.5 and 1.= microns free-space wavelength.
These=would serve to 'harvest' most all of the inputted so=ar radiation over this —1.6 octave-width spectral band and then make it av=ilable for re-radiation by a 'master molecular' oscillator=located proximate to the 'unit cell' to whose upper-level =hey would each be (chosen to) be chosen to couple by short-range non-radia=ive energy transfer while concurrently making an 'energy contribut=on' of the order of a few kT to the local medium — so as t= helpfully make up energy differences between the two donating quantum osc=llators and the donated-to one and (not quite incidentally) to conf=r a degree of thermodynamic irreversibility onto the energy transfer proce=s.
The d=nated-to molecule then fluoresces the up-pumped (in the frequency sense) q=antum energy with high quantum efficiency— helpfully conferred by=lack-of-competing de-excitations in its surroundings, e.g., the energy-goi=g-uphill inability to effectively back-transfer its excitation to adjacent=donating molecules.
These=up-pumped, quasi-monochromatic photons are then 'inputted'=(via device-internal reflectors, etc. aimed at optical transfer efficiency=optimization) to a photovoltaic conversion section of the device.
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Yes, of course I also have-in-mind the an=logous photochemical trick, in which we convert such 'spectrally-e=hanced sunlight' into high-energy chemical bond-rearrangements, e.=., energy efficiency-enhanced photosynthesis! J
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Of present interest are two distinct item=:
[1] <=>Constructive (i.e., repair-oriented!) criticism-as-may-be-indicated o= the proposed physical mechanisms and stringing-togethers thereof; =u>
[2] C=mments of a 'practical' or implementation-focused characte=, e.g., how can this proto-device be made to work significantly better =80 i.e., in-any-&-all-ways-more-practical -- than as-sketched above=
=A0
Thanks!
Lowell</=>
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Artificial=light-harvesting method achieves 100% energy transfer efficiency
=a href="http://www.physorg.com/archive/01-09-2011/" target="_blank">Se=ptember 1, 2011 by Lisa Zyga
http://www.physorg.com/e=itorials/
By arranging porphyrin dye molecules on a clay surfa=e using the "Size-Matching Effect," researchers have demon=trated an energy transfer efficiency of approximately 100%, which is an im=ortant requirement for designing efficient artificial light-harvesting sys=ems. Image credit: Ishida, et al. ©2011 American Chemical Society<=u>
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(PhysOrg.com) -- In an attempt to mimic the photo=ynthetic systems found in plants and some bacteria, scientists have taken = step toward developing an artificial light-harvesting system (LHS) that m=ets one of the crucial requirements for such systems: an approximately 10O= energy transfer efficiency. Although high energy transfer efficiency is j=st one component of the development of a useful artificial LHS, the achiev=ment could lead to clean solar-fuel technology that turns sunlight into ch=mical fuel.
The researchers, led by Shinsuke Takagi from the Tok=o Metropolitan University and PRESTO of the Japan Science and Technology A=ency, have published their study on their work toward an artificial LHS in=a recent issue of the Journal of the American =hemical Society http://www.physorg.com/tags/journal+of=the+american+chemical+society/
"In order to realize an artificial light-har=esting system, almost 100% efficiency is necessary," Takagi told <=>PhysOrg.com. "Since light-harvesting systems consist of many =teps of bacteria http://www.physorg.com/tags/energy+transfer/ or plant leaves) is composed of regularly =rranged molecules that efficiently collect sunlight and carry the excitatirn energy to the system's reaction center. An artificial LHS (or =E2 artificial leaf') attempts to do the same thing by using f=nctional dye molecules.
Building on the results of previous research, the sc=entists chose to use two types of porphyrin dye molecules for this purpose= which they arranged on a clay surface. The molecules' tendency to=aggregate or segregate on the clay surface made it challenging for the res=archers to arrange the molecules in a regular pattern like their natural c=unterparts.
"A molecular arrangement with an appropriate=intermolecular distance is important to achieve nearly 100% energy transfe= efficiency," Takagi said. "If the intermolecular distance=is too near, other reactions such as electron transfer and/or photochemica= reactions would occur. If the intermolecular distance is too far, deactiv=tion of excited dye surpasses the energy transfer reaction." </=>
In order to achieve the appropriate intermolecular d=stance, the scientists developed a novel preparation technique based on ma=ching the distances between the charged sites in the porphyrin molecules a=d the distances between negatively charged (anionic) sites on the clay sur=ace. This effect, which the researchers call the "Size-Matching Ru=e," helped to suppress the major factors that contributed to the p=rphyrin molecules' tendency to aggregate or segregate, and fixed t=e molecules in an appropriate uniform intermolecular distance. As Takagi e=plained, this strategy is significantly different than other attempts at a=hieving molecular patterns.
guest-guest "The methodology interactions. is In unique," our system, he said= host-guest "In the interactions=play case of usual self-assembly a crucial role systems, for realizing the arrangement the special arrangement is r=alized by of dyes. Thus, b= changing the host material, it is possible to control the molecular arran=ement of dyes on the clay surface."
As the researchers demonstrated, the regular arrange=ent of the molecules leads to an excited energy transfer efficiency http://www.phys=rg.com/tags/transfer+efficiency/ molecules http://=ww.physorg.com/tags/molecules/ and clay h=st materials look like promising candidates for an artificial LHS.<=>
"At the present, our system includes only tw= dyes," Takagi said. "As the next step, the combination of=several dyes to adsorb all sunlight is necessary. One of the characteristi= points of our system is that it is easy to use several dyes at once. Thus= our system is a promising candidate for a real light-harvesting system th=t can use all sunlight http://www.physorg.com/tags/sunlight/ . We believe that even photochemical reaction parts can=be combined on the same clay surface. If this system is realized and is co=bined with a photochemical reaction center, this system can be called an =E2 inorganic leaf.—
More information: Yohei Ishida, et al. =9CEfficient Excited Energy Transfer Reaction in Clay/Porphyrin Complex tow=rd an Artificial Light-Harvesting System." Journal of the Ameri=an Chemical Society. DOI:10/1021/ja204425u
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photosynethes seems to work by not needing the particle at all , but the re=cting to its wave nature, . the light should be able to be tuned. an= not one gap but many being activated by the same photon
yes „ photosynthes i= 8.90 % efficient. „ it acts becasue of the wave nature of light, t=is isthe next frontier.
On Su=, Sep 4, 2011 at 2:18 PM, =g
<mailto: > > wrote:
That's true.
How many gaps do you think cou=d be activated by one photon?
Just =urious do you think that in our lifetimes we will have any energy breakthr=ughs?
8-90% seems like a broad=range?
Maybe a typo.
=p class="MsoNormal">From:=span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Jeffrey Epstein [mailto:jeevacation@gmail.com]
Sent: Sunday, September 04, 2011 11:32 AM
To:
Subject: Re: FW: A Quantum-Thermodynamic Ratchet For Photonic =frequency Up-Pumping?
yes „ photosynthes i= 8.90 % efficient. „ it acts becasue of the wave nature of light, t=is isthe next frontier.