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A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia.
Chlamydia
Last reviewed: June 7, 2010.
Chlamydia is a disease caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It is most commonly sexually transmitted.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Chlamydia infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Sexually active individuals and individuals with multiple partners are at highest risk. Symptoms
As many as 1 in 4 men with chlamydia have no symptoms. In men, chlamydia may produce symptoms similar to gonorrhea. Symptoms may include:
• Burning sensation during urination
• Discharge from the penis or rectum
• Testicular tenderness or pain
• Rectal discharge or pain
Only about 30% of women with chlamydia have symptoms. Symptoms that may occur in women include:
• Burning sensation during urination
• Painful sexual intercourse
- Rectal pain or discharge
• Symptoms of PID, salpingitis, liver inflammation similar to hepatitis
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• Vaginal discharge
See also: Chlamydia in women
In serious cases, domestic animals such as cats and dogs should be watched closely. If they start loosing their fur, it could be an indication of a serious heart infection and they could have an increased likelihood of an early death if not properly treated.
See also: Chlamydia in domestic animals
Signs and tests
The diagnosis of chlamydia infection involves sampling of the urethral discharge in males or cervical secretions in females. If an individual engages in anal sexual contact, samples from the rectum may also be needed. The sample is sent for a fluorescent or monoclonal antibody test, DNA probe test, or cell culture. Some of these tests may also be performed on urine samples.
Treatment
The usual treatment for chlamydia is antibiotics, including tetracyclines, azithromycin, or erythromycin.
You can get chlamydia with gonorrhea or syphilis, so if you have one sexually transmitted disease you must be screened for other sexually transmitted diseases as well. All sexual contacts should be screened for chlamydia.
Sexual partners must be treated to prevent passing the infection back and forth. There is no significant immunity following the infection and a person may become repeatedly infected. A follow-up evaluation may be done in 4 weeks to determine if the infection has been cured.
Expectations (prognosis)
long-term Early complications. antibiotic treatment Untreated is extremely infection, successful however, and may may lead prevent to complications. the development of
Complications
Chlamydia infections in women may lead to inflammation of the cervix. In men, chlamydia infection can lead to inflammation of the urethra called urethritis.
[x] untreated chlamydia infection may spread to the uterus or the fallopian tubes, causing
salpingitis or pelvic inflammatory disease. These conditions can lead to infertility and
increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.
If a women is infected with chlamydia while pregnant, the infection may cause infection in the uterus after delivery (late postpartum endometritis). In addition, the infant may develop chlamydia-related conjunctivitis (eye infection) and pneumonia. See: chlamydial pneumonia Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of chlamydia.
Because many people with chlamydia may not have symptoms, sexually active adults should be screened periodically for the infection.
Prevention
All sexually active women up through age 25 should be screened yearly for chlamydia. All
women with new sexual partners or multiple partners should also be screened.
A mutually monogamous sexual relationship with uninfected partner is one way to avoid [x]
this infection. The proper use of condoms during intercourse usually prevents infection.
References
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydial infection: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2007:147:128-134. [PubMed)
Stamm WE, Batteiger BE. Chlamydiatrachomatis (trachoma, perinatal infections, tymphogranubma venereum, and other genital infections). In: Mandell
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GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice ofInfectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 180.
Review Date: 6/7/2010.
Reviewed by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant
Studies, University of Wasltington. School of Medicine: Susan Storck, MD. FACOG. Chief. Eastside
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Redmond.
Washington: Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington
School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve. MD. MHA. Medical Director, ADAM.. Inc.
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A.D.A.M., Disclaimer
Copyright © 2011, A.D.A.M., Inc.
What works?
Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancyInterventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection which, if a mother has it during pregnancy and labour, can cause eye or lung infections in the newborn baby. The risk of transmission during birth varies, but is about 20% to 50% for eye infections and about 10% to 20% for infection of the lungs. Mothers may also be at increased risk of infection of the uterus. The review looked at various antibiotics being used during pregnancy to reduce these problems and to assess any adverse effects. Tetracyclines taken in pregnancy are known to be associated with teeth and bone abnormalities in babies, and some women find erythromycin unpleasant to take because of feeling sick and vomiting. The review found eleven trials, involving 1449 women, on erythromycin, amoxycillin, azithromycin and clindamycin, and the overall trial quoitwas good. However, all the trials assessed 'microbiological cure' (that is they looked for eradication of the infection) and none assessed whether the eye or lung problems for the baby were reduced. Also, none of the trials were large enou h to assess potential adverse outcomes adequately. The review found amoxycilfin was effective alternative to erythromycin but lack of long-term assessment of outcomes caused concern about its routine use in practice. If erythromycin is used, some women may stop taking it because of adverse effects. Azithromycin and clindamycin are potential alternatives. More research is needed.
See all (12)...
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Drugs of interest
Azithromycin
Azithromycin is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria. such as bronchitis: pneumonia: sexually transmitted diseases (STD): and infections of the ears, lungs. skin, and throat. Azithromycin is in a class of medications called macroade antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics will not work for colds. flu, or other viral infections.
Erythromycin
Erythromycin is antibiotic used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria. such as bronchitis: diphtheria: Legionnaires' disease: pertussis (whooping cough): pneumonia: rheumatic fever: venereal disease (VD): and ear, intestine, lung, urinary tract, and skin infections. It is also used before some surgery or dental work to prevent infection. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu. or other viral infections. This medication is sometimes
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prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
Doxycycline
Doxycycline is used to treat bacterial infections. including pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections; Lyme disease; acne: infections of skin, genital. and urinary systems; and anthrax (after inhalabonal exposure). It is also used to prevent malaria. Doxycycline is in a class of medications caned tetracycline antibiotics. It works by preventing the growth and spread of bacteria. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin is used to treat certain infections such as pneumonia chronic bronchitis and sinus, unnary tract, kidney, prostate (a male reproductrve gland). and skin infections. Levofloxacin is also used to prevent anthrax (a serious Infection that may be spread on purpose as part of a bioterror attack) in people who may have been exposed to anthrax germs in the air. Levofloxacin is in a class of antibiotics called fluoroguinolones. It works by killing bacteria that cause infections. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia (a lung infection), bronchitis (infection of the tubes leading to the lungs), and infections of the ears, sinuses, skin, and throat. It also is used to treat and prevent disseminated Mycobactenum avium complex (MAC) infection (a type of lung infection that often affects people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]. It is used in combination with other medications to eliminate H. pylori, a bacteria that causes ulcers. Clarithromycin is in a class of medications called macrolide antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections.
See all...
Read More
Penis
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Chlamydia infections in women
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Infertility
Ectopic pregnancy
Conjunctivitis
Psittacosis
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Chlamydia Infections
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