Page 73 of 78 2007 Utah L. Rev. 861, *963
to speak at those hearings does not interfere with the defendant's right to be notified of those hearings, attend those hearings, and to speak at those hearings. Perhaps this is why the NACDL could only assert that "in general" victims’ rights harm defendants - the NACDL did not provide a single supporting example.
Moreover, the procedure that the NACDL would put in place - a full evidentiary hearing with the defendant able to cross- examine the victim to be determine "victim" status - is novel and unwarranted. While crime victims’ rights have existed in all fifty states and the federal system for the last two decades, no [*964] jurisdiction has ever required anything like this. °°
Instead, procedural issues of how to determine victim status are left to the sound discretion of the trial courts.
To give a defendant an automatic right to challenge victim status raises constitutional and other problems. A defendant who simply complained about a victim designation would lack "standing" under Article III of the Constitution, because there would be no "threatened or actual injury resulting from the putatively illegal action." *©8 Moreover, to give defendants free license to cross-examine victims about whether they were truly victims would obviously create a right to discovery in a criminal case that
569 and circumvents the stringent limitations on depositions of witnesses found in Rule 15. °7° The
contradicts current law potential for abusive questioning of victims in such hearings (where no jury is present to be alienated) should also not be overlooked. >’! The victims' rights provisions in this country have never been used to give defendants new rights to question
and potentially traumatize victims. The CVRA's expansion of victims' rights should not be the occasion to start. >”
V. Conclusion
This Article has tried to make the case for specific changes to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure to protect crime victims’ rights, particularly those rights listed in the CVRA. The Article has attempted to sketch out one way that the Rules could be amended to do this while at the same time contending that the Advisory Committee's pending victims' rights proposals are too restrictive. In concluding the Article, it may be useful to raise broader concerns about the Advisory Committee's minimalist approach.
In reviewing the Advisory Committee's proposals, some might reach the conclusion that the Committee treated the victims issue as a chore to be survived rather than an opportunity to be seized. One can read the Committee's proposals and the minutes of its discussions without finding much enthusiasm for the idea of crime victims becoming a part of the criminal justice process. This reluctance may be part of a larger phenomenon of hostility by the legal culture to crime victims, as other scholars and I have argued elsewhere. *74
officials prosecute, punish and release accused or convicted offenders." Tribe & Cassell, supra note 28; accord 8. Rep. 106-254, at 1-2 (2000) (Victims' Rights Amendment designed to guarantee victims participatory rights in government process). That is why the CVRA states that the rights must be afforded by government agencies and actors. See /8 U.S.C. § 3771(c)(1) (2006).
*67 Communication from Professor Douglas Beloof, Director of the National Crime Victims Law Institute (Jan. 19, 2007) (on file with author).
%68 Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975) (internal quotation omitted).
569 See supra notes 206-211 and accompanying text.
570 See supra note 210 and accompanying text.
‘71 See Cassell, Proposed Amendments, supra note 4, at 1434-37 (explaining how cross-examination of victims at Utah's preliminary hearings has traumatized victims).
52 The Advisory Committee ultimately agreed with this position, and added language to a Committee Note stating simply that the court could make findings to resolve any dispute about who was a victim. See infra note 580.
*3 See, e.g., Cassell, Proposed Amendments, supra note 4, at 534 ("The "legal culture’ ... is one that has not made room for crime victims."); Edna Erez, Victim Participation in Sentencing: And the Debate Goes On ... , 3 Int'l Rev. of Victimology 17, 29 (1994) (noting socialization of legal scholars "in a culture and structure that do not recognize the victim as a legitimate party in criminal proceedings"); see also Stephanos Bibas, Transparency and Participation in Criminal Procedure, 8/ N.Y.U.L. Rev. 911, 964 (2006) (suggesting crime victims can effectively monitor the behavior of "insiders" in the system).
DAVID SCHOEN
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