higher EEG Dz values were frontal in schizophrenic patients and more central in controls (Elbert et al, 1992). The Dz computed on the EEG during Stage IV (“delta”) sleep was sensitive to acute sleep deprivation and recovery, but demonstrated compensation (Cerf et al, 1996). Non-alcholic children of alcoholic parents manifested lower values for D; in their EEG attractors than the children of a normal control group (Ehlers et al, 1995). Higher |.Q. correlated with EEG Dz in most leads in the resting state but not during a visual imagery task (Lutzenberger et al, 1992). These differences also correlated with individual differences in task performance in a perceptual pattern predictive task (Gregson et al, 1990) and with a working memory task load with regional differences most marked in the right fronto-temporal
cortex (Sammer, 1996).
Peripheral nerve stimulation in the earlobe and trapezius muscle induced increments in Dz in the EEG of specific brain regions (Heffernan, 1996). Memory for but not induced pain increased EEG D2 in chronic pain patients but not in normal controls (Lutzenberger et al, 1997). Using contingent reinforcement of brain wave modes by hypothalamic, but not cerebral hemispheric, stimulation reduced Dz in the EEG (Mogilevskii et al, 1998) resembling the changes accompanying defensive reflex conditioning in the rabbit between the early and late stages of the process (Efremova and Kulikov, 1997). Difficult to diagnose “periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge” syndromes have apparently yielded to D2 computations (Stam et al, 1998). In equally problematic “atypical seizure” syndromes in children, D2 computed on the autocovariance functions of 200 Hz digitized EEG records from multiple
channels demonstrated characteristic changes (Yaylali et al, 1996).
Unlike computing a reliable leading 4(+)on a point set of a time series
reconstruction denoting the “sensitivity to initial conditions” requirement for the
diagnosis of chaos (and a potential for change such that a decrease in the positivity of A(+) > 4(0) may auger a nearby bifurcation), the presence of a fractional scaling
exponent, D,, does not in and of itself implicate a chaotic dynamical state. A nice
example of a nonchaotic dynamic with 4 = 0 that has a fractional scaling exponent,
D = 0.538, is the “Feigenbaum” point where the above noted “infinite” series of
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