24 2 What Is Human-Like General Intelligence?
it, we will go through some more background regarding human-like intelligence (in the rest of this chapter), philosophy of mind (in Chapter 3) and contemporary AGI architectures (in Chapter4).
2.3 Further Characterizations of Humanlike Intelligence
We now present a few complementary approaches to characterizing the key aspects of human- like intelligence, drawn from different perspectives in the psychology and AI literature. These different approaches all overlap substantially, which is good, yet each gives a slightly different slant.
2.3.1 Competencies Characterizing Human-like Intelligence
First we give a list of key competencies characterizing human level intelligence resulting from the the AGI Roadmap Workshop held at the University of Knoxville in October 2008 ', which was organized by Ben Goertzel and Itamar Arel. In this list, each broad competency area is listed together with a number of specific competencies sub-areas within its scope:
Perception: vision, hearing, touch, proprioception, crossmodal
Actuation: physical skills, navigation, tool use
Memory: episodic, declarative, behavioral
Learning: imitation, reinforcement, interactive verbal instruction, written media, experi- mentation
Reasoning: deductive, abductive, inductive, causal, physical, associational, categorization Planning: strategic, tactical, physical, social
Attention: visual, social, behavioral
Motivation: subgoal creation, affect-based motivation, control of emotions
Emotion: expressing emotion, understanding emotion
Self: self-awareness, self-control, other-awareness
Social: empathy, appropriate social behavior, social communication, social inference, group play, theory of mind
12. Communication: gestural, pictorial, verbal, language acquisition, cross-modal
13. Quantitative: counting, grounded arithmetic, comparison, measurement
14. Building/Creation: concept formation, verbal invention, physical construction, social group formation
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Clearly this list is getting at the same things as the textbook headings given in Section 2.2, but with a different emphasis due to its origin among AGI researchers rather than cognitive
1 See http: //www.ece.utk.edu/~itamar/AGI_Roadmap. html; participants included: Sam Adams, IBM Research; Ben Goertzel, Novamente LLC; Itamar Arel, University of Tennessee; Joscha Bach, Institute of Cogni- tive Science, University of Osnabruck, Germany; Robert Coop, University of Tennessee; Rod Furlan, Singularity Institute; Matthias Scheutz, Indiana University; J. Storrs Hall, Foresight Institute; Alexei Samsonovich, George Mason University; Matt Schlesinger, Southern Illinois University; John Sowa, Vivomind Intelligence, Inc.; Stuart C. Shapiro, University at Buffalo
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