From: Donald Rubin < > To: "Nowak, Martin A." Cc: "jeffrey E." <jeevacation®gmail.com> Subject: Re: Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2017 20:49:30 +0000 Ja, but the manipulation could be hypothetical: The sun causes the planets to travel in their orbits, implying that no matter how we got rid of the sun, the planets would no longer travel in their orbits. > On Jan 26, 2017, at 2:52 PM, Nowak, Martin A. a wrote: > "no causation without manipulation" EFTA00635236